New Space – Professor Dr. Fuat Ince

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Six decades after the launch of the first satellite Sputnik in 1957, there has been a paradigm shift in space technologies and space industry. Called “New Space”, the new paradigm is characterized primarily by the emergence of many new space players, mostly startups fueled by venture capital and led by visionaries from universities or those quitting large space companies to pursue their dreams in their own way. New innovative ideas and applications are no longer coming out of big established space companies like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Aerospatiale, but from startups leading the sector not only in providing for traditional products and services in new improved ways, but also bringing into the market, a range of new niche applications,

The emergence of New Space can be attributed to two major developments. On the political side the collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to the relaxation of restrictions on technological know-how and availability of commercial parts and systems which were previously subject to bans or special permissions. On the technological side, continuing chip integration, miniaturization of electronics and MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems), leading to the emergence and easy availability of COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) products, as well as lean design and development techniques including software for design and operation, all provided the necessary infrastructure for the establishment of numerous new startups, to serve existing and newly created needs in space. This trend was actually foretold in the 1990s by a then visionary Rick Fleeter, through the motte “smaller, cheaper, better”. But it took a decade or two for his predictions to materialize in the market place.

The proliferation of the startups accelerated especially in the second decade of the millennium, closely followed by the positive feedback effect of the supply sector comprised of electronics, software and subsystems, all as COTS, such as in communications and materials, available at short notice and very reasonable prices. Satellite design and production times came down from years to months, costs were reduced by factors of five or ten, and sizes reduced by similar factors, prompting a new size classification as shown below.

Classification of Satellites by size

1000 Kg < Large Satellite

1000 Kg > Small Satellite > 500 Kg

500 Kg > Mini Satellite > 100 Kg

100 Kg > Micro Satellite > 10 Kg

10 Kg > Nano Satellite > 1 Kg

1 Kg > Pico Satellite > 0.1 Kg

0,1 Kg > Fempto Satellite

 

The most significant and concrete development in the downsizing trend was the “cubesat” idea, proposed and defined as a size standard in 1999 by Bob Twiggs of Stanford University and Jorgi Puig-Suari from Cal Poly. A standard cubesat was defined as a cube with 10 cm on each side and a maximum mass of 1 Kg. This so called 1U could be doubled to 2U (20 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm) or tripled to 3U (30 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm), which has now grown to 12U and more. The purpose behind the Cubesat standard was to promote education and learning in a university environment with quick design and production turn around, not possible with large satellites. The standard was quickly and favorably received and applied by a number of universities in their satellite projects in US, Japan and later many other countries including Turkey and even two high schools in the US. Furthermore, the cubesat idea quickly caught on within the larger space community leading to the production and availability of many standard cubesat components and subsystems, such as for communication, navigation, image acquisition etc. The current number of cubesats can easily said to be in the hundreds.

Micro and nano satellites have brought about new uses of satellites in Earth observation and communication which were previously hard to imagine. Image resolution around one meter or so, used to require satellites in the several hundred Kg range. Whereas now 6U to 12U cubesats have been delivering 2-3 meter resolutions, in addition to providing revisit times in hours instead of days, thanks to constellations of hundred or more satellites in LEO (Low Earth Orbit). Global internet service is being provided by SpaceX with its thousands of starlink satellites again in LEO. Other companies are eagerly working to join the bandwagon, including direct phone to satellite connection.

The awareness of the need to provide affordable and timely launch services to the multitude of mini, micro and nano satellites prompted the emergence of two new developments. Many (at least 30 or so) small satellite launch companies were established. However the fierce race to be early in the market, resulted in only a handful of rocket startups to remain, a notable success being Rocket Lab, established by young entrepreneurs from New Zeeland. The other development is the concept of “ride share”, with many (tens) of satellites going to orbit in one rocket sharing the cost. Ride share is now widely practiced across the industry.

New Space has presented new and unprecedented opportunities for universities, small companies and countries alike, to step into the space age and develop their indigenous capability in space technologies. A few universities and companies have shown an understanding of this fact in Turkey striving to create technology progress, unfortunately not so on the part of the government.

Recommended Reading: One web site, A journal and an article are given below.

https://www.spacedaily.com

New Space | Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers

İNCE F., “Nano and Micro Satellites as the Pillar of the “New Space” Paradigm”, Journal of

Aeronautics and Space Technologies, Vol 13, No 2, pp 207-221, July 2020.

 

Contact: koc@hedefkoc.com

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO) SATELLITES IN TURKEY AND THE WORLD – Cem Bilsel

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Introduction

Communication satellites have been used effectively in telephone communications, broadcasting of television and radio programs, mobile and military communications, and data communications. With these features, satellite communications have fostered the development of interpersonal relationships and facilitated the rapprochement of countries having diverse cultures.

Since the launch of INTELSAT, the first commercial satellite, on April 6, 1965, and its bringing into service in Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO), satellite technology had advanced rapidly, opening new horizons for humanity. The success of the launch vehicles used had significantly accelerated these developments. The wide coverage of satellites in GEO, their ease of deployment, and their greater reliability than terrestrial communication systems had been key factors in the preference for satellite communications.

As a result of the inability of terrestrial systems to meet Turkiye’s rapidly increasing needs in the field of communications, the need for national satellite communications systems that would encompass all communications services and enable people to access these services regardless of their geographic location emerged, and as a result, the seeds of the TURKSAT project were sown.

Hence, since 1994, numerous TURKSAT satellites have been placed in GEO, operating at 31, 42, and 50° East longitudes, specifically assigned to Turkiye, with specific frequencies and coverage. Turkiye’s satellite journey has continued unabated with the successful commissioning of TURKSAT 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 series satellites. Finally, in the last quarter of last year, the TURKSAT-6A satellite, designed, produced, and tested entirely indigeniously and nationally through the collaboration of four of Turkiye’s distinguished organizations (TUBITAK Space, TAI, ASELSAN, and C-TECH) was successfully launched into space and put into service.

On the other hand, in parallel with GEO satellite projects, studies in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO), and particularly in the cubesat field, were initiated in Turkiye in the early 2000s.

When our calendars indicated September 2009, our country’s first cubesat, developed by Istanbul Technical University, was successfully launched into space.

The BILSAT LEO satellite, jointly designed and developed by the then-BILTEN (now TUBITAK Space) with the technology transfer provided by the British SSTL Company, was Turkiye’s first electro-optical Earth observation and remote sensing satellite and was launched into space in 2003.

RASAT was the first Earth observation satellite designed and built in Turkiye. It was the Turkiye’s second remote sensing satellite after BILSAT.

In later years, GOKTURK-2 satellite, Turkiye’s first high-resolution reconnaissance and observation satellite, was designed and developed nationally in cooperation with TUBITAK Space and TAI.

The aforesaid satellites were followed by GOKTURK-1 and IMECE satellites.

In the 2020s, we witnessed the commissioning of new LEO satellites developed by PLAN S and Hello Space companies, compatible with the concept of IOT (Internet of Things), and cubesats developed by Gumush company.

All of these studies, whether in GEO or LEO, are extremely important and valuable developments for our country, because it is an inevitable fact that Turkiye that is developed in every aspect must benefit from the modern opportunities and advantages of our age, including satellite and space technologies.

Reasons for the Transition from GEO to LEO and Advantages and Disadvantages of LEO Satellites

The reasons for the transition from GEO to LEO can be examined under several headings:

  1. Change in service types
  2. Increased demand for satellites
  3. Launch activities being easier than before with the miniaturization of satellites
  4. Reduced production and launch costs
  5. The proliferation of digital payloads
  6. Development and production of steerable multi-beam antennas
  7. Development of advanced modulation and coding techniques
  8. Reuse of frequencies

The advantages of LEO satellites with respect to GEO satellites can be listed as follows:

  • Much more cost effective
  • Shorter production and bringing into service duration
  • Lower free space loss and latency
  • Higher bandwidth and therefore higher data rates
  • More resistant to jamming and electronic warfare
  • As a result of the proliferation of off-the-shelf products/materials, access to materials becomes easier and technology can be kept up with faster
  • In areas where accessibility is limited due to their geographical locations, the use of LEO satellites provides convenience for M2M (Machine to Machine) communication and IOT (Internet of Things)

Thanks to all these advantages, LEO has become a rising trend in the satellite communications market.

But along with the advantages offered by this orbit, there are also disadvantages listed below:

  • A large number of satellites are required to ensure uninterrupted and seamless communication.
  • Service life is much shorter.
  • Very precise and fast tracking systems are required on the ground.
  • A large number of Inter Satellite Links (ISL) and/or data links are needed between satellites for seamless connection.
  • Due to the large number of satellites, there is undoubtedly an operational difficulty.

Usage Areas of LEO Satellites

  • Border surveillance
  • Monitoring of agricultural areas and agricultural products
  • Monitoring of environmental and climate changes
  • Management of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, fires, etc.
  • City ​​planning
  • Intelligence
  • Broadband internet services
  • Mobile communications
  • Internet Of Things (IOT)
  • Deep space applications

When mentioning LEO satellites, we can’t ignore CubeSats, which are currently in widespread use. Cubesats have four main applications:

  • Technology Demonstration

The harsh environment of space is the ultimate test bed. CubeSats can help test new instruments or materials and validate their readiness to be integrated into a more complex space mission. For example, a CubeSat can be used to study the performance of a new thermal imaging camera and the overall reliability of the instrument.

 

  • Scientific Studies

CubeSats can carry small science instruments to conduct an experiment or take measurements from space. For example, they can collect information on the magnetic field to better understand and predict its fluctuations in order to improve earthquake detection.

 

  • Educational Projects

CubeSats can provide students with a unique hands-on experience in developing space missions from design to launch and operations.For example, a CubeSat can be used by students to track the movement of wild animals,  by collecting radio signals emitted from collars attached to the animals.

 

  • Commercial Use

CubeSats can be used for commercial applications, like providing telecommunications services or capturing Earth observation images. A company owning a CubeSat equipped with a camera can sell high-resolution images of the Earth to its clients in agriculture, city planning or business intelligence.

Major Satellite Systems Serving in LEO and Their Target Markets

IRIDIUM

It can be said that the American company IRIDIUM was the initiator of this initiative, launching the world’s first LEO communications system in 1998. IRIDIUM launched its first satellite as a technology demonstration and currently operates 80 LEO satellite constellations, 66 of which are active and 14 are reserves.

IRIDIUM satellites are used for worldwide voice and data communication from handheld satellite phones, satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers, as well as for two-way satellite messaging service from supported conventional mobile phones. The nearly polar orbit and communication between satellites via inter-satellite links provide global service availability.

GLOBALSTAR

The world’s second LEO satellite constellation communications system is owned by the American company GLOBALSTAR, a competitor of IRIDIUM. GLOBALSTAR was established as a joint venture by LORAL and QUALCOMM, two of the largest players in the global satellite sector. GLOBALSTAR satellites provide voice and low-speed data services to handheld satellite phones. The GLOBALSTAR constellation currently includes 31 LEO satellites.

By speaking of GLOBALSTAR, we should also mention one of the most important recent developments in the satellite industry, and particularly in the field of LEO satellite systems.

This significant, even crucial, development is that Apple invested US$1.5 billion in GLOBALSTAR to enable its iPhones’ emergency SOS and messaging capabilities where cellular coverage is unavailable.

This new fund will allow GLOBALSTAR to purchase new satellites and expand its ground infrastructure. GLOBALSTAR currently operates 31 satellites and has already ordered as many as 26 satellites to replenish and upgrade its constellation in LEO.

TELESAT

Another important actor providing services in LEO is the Canadian company, TELESAT. With the TELESAT Lightspeed project, TELESAT aims to develop a highly innovative global network consisting of 198 state-of-the-art LEO satellites, all connected to each other like a spider web through inter-satellite links, seamlessly integrated with ground data networks.

The TELESAT Lightspeed satellite network will be approximately 20 times faster than today’s GEO satellites and on par with fiber networks. A key feature of the TELESAT Lightspeed network is its intelligent networking capability to dynamically allocate bandwidth to densely populated areas or areas with high traffic demand, such as airport hubs. Each TELESAT Lightspeed satellite has four 10 Gbps optical inter-satellite links (OISLs) that interconnect the constellation with laser communications, forming a global mesh network in space.

Rivada Space Networks

Another player in this field is Rivada Space Networks, headquartered in Germany. Rivada Space Networks announced plans to fly its first demonstration mission in 2026 and offer connectivity services by 2027.

The Rivada’s OuterNET network aims to be the first self-contained communications network in LEO, offering companies and governments the unique capability of communicating over a low-latency, mesh network without ever touching terrestrial internet.

The OuterNET constellation, comprised of 600 satellites and supported by inter-satellite laser links, promises to provide end-to-end global coverage, creating a cohesive global network in space. Rivada currently secured service to 33 countries through its agreements.

OuterNET aims to streamline ground-to-space communications, with each satellite featuring four high-speed optical inter-satellite links and advanced routing technology to ensure secure and efficient data transmission within the network. With this architecture, Rivada guarantees exceptional security, speed, and low latency for users everywhere.

AST SpaceMobile

AST SpaceMobile achieved a significant milestone in 2023 by successfully establishing the first-ever 5G connection for voice and data between a conventional smartphone and a satellite in space. The connection was made using a Samsung Galaxy S22 smartphone and AT&T spectrum with high download speed of 21 Mbit/s, in conjunction with AST SpaceMobile’s BlueWalker 3  satellite. To date, AST has launched 5 satellites, named BlueBird, into space.

AST SpaceMobile is developing a space-based cellular broadband network that connects directly to standard smartphones without requiring any additional hardware. To achieve this, they are designing their technology to be compatible with existing mobile phones and utilizing LEO satellites to provide the connection.

Starlink

Starlink is a satellite internet constellation built by the American satellite company SpaceX to provide satellite internet access. Starlink satellites consist of thousands of small, mass-produced satellites that operate in conjunction with ground stations. Currently, over 8,000 Starlink satellites are operating in LEO.

Starlink uses a constellation of LEO satellites to provide high-speed internet, but users require a special satellite dish (known as a “Starlink Dish”) and a Wi-Fi router to connect to the internet. This means that Starlink does not connect directly to smartphones or standard mobile devices, but provides internet service similar to traditional ISPs.

Starlink is a broadband internet service provider primarily targeting users in areas with poor or no broadband service. This includes rural and remote communities, as well as users requiring portable or off-grid internet solutions.

EUTELSAT OneWeb

EUTELSAT Group’s OneWeb is a dynamic network of 648 satellites operating 1,200 km above from the Earth in polar orbits.

While OneWeb is a competitor to Starlink, its market is primarily aimed at businesses, governments, telephone network operators, and community clusters, including the defense industry, rather than the individual local customers that Starlink targets.

Last year, OneWeb also signed an agreement with Kazakhstan’s National Railway Company to provide high-speed, low-latency internet service to passenger trains in Kazakhstan.

Project Kuiper

Similarly, Amazon has established Project Kuiper, a broadband internet service similar to EUTELSAT’s OneWeb. Project Kuiper is an initiative to increase global broadband access through a constellation of more than 3,000 satellites in LEO.

Multi-Orbit Strategy

As LEO satellite systems can be used to provide cellular and global services via low-cost satellites at extremely high data rates, they provide significant benefits to economies and governments in areas where this level of service has never been available before.

LEO satellites certainly undertake very important missions, and this orbit offers significant advantages. Thanks to their advantages, they undoubtedly play a significant role in defining the rules of the game in space.

 

However, we have now reached a point where the countries need to develop solutions beyond LEO and consider different orbital options in order to maintain their presence in space and to compete with countries that have proven themselves in space.

There are currently three main orbits where satellites are brought into service: Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO), Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). Each orbit has its own advantages and disadvantages. When we evaluate these three orbits in terms of data rate, bandwidth, latency, reliability, equipment availability and cost, no orbit has a superiority over the others in all of these criteria. While one orbit dominates in one criterion, other orbits may dominate in another.

Therefore, to eliminate the disadvantages that arise when these three orbits are used individually, a satellite operation strategy that utilizes all three orbits simultaneously will transform existing disadvantages into advantages. The Multiple Orbit Strategy we are discussing here involves the simultaneous use of all three orbits. This new strategy will eliminate the inherent problems and challenges of each orbit.

By using satellites serving in 3 orbits within the same satellite cloud, it will be possible to provide an uninterrupted and reliable communication service for defense, aviation, maritime, energy sectors and large enterprises, and satellite resources will be used more effectively.

If seamless communication is targeted for critical mission operations, very high data rates and low latency are targeted for applications, and communication is desired everywhere in the air, on land and at sea, we can say that the Multi-Orbit Strategy will be the most suitable solution.

The Future of the Satellite Industry

  • The majority of the over 6,000 satellites launched into space in the last two years are LEO satellites. Today, the LEO constellation is expanding and new initiatives are emerging every day. The entire sector, particularly satellite manufacturing, launch services and satellite-based services is facing significant change.

 

  • Satellite manudacturing facilities will be diversified to manufacture both large and high-capacity satellites and small and low-cost satellites with a mass-production approach.

 

  • Competition among satellite launch companies will intensify in the coming years. Satellite launch companies will seek ways to cost-effectively launch multiple satellites into orbit simultaneously by increasing loading capacity and reducing costs.

 

  • Satellite operators that provide services to end users through their satellites will diversify their services by taking advantage of different orbits with the Multiple Orbit Strategy and will strive to strengthen their spheres of influence through collaborations they will develop for this purpose.

 

  • Again, using the Multi-Orbit Strategy, communications services provided by GEO satellites will be complemented by satellites in LEO and MEO. This non-terrestrial space system will also be integrated with terrestrial infrastructure, enabling the establishment of more comprehensive, cost-effective and high-performance communications networks.

 

 

  • We can predict that the number of satellite startups will increase further, resulting in fierce competition in the sector. Unfortunately, because not everyone will get a piece of the pie, we can say that companies having cost-effective, innovative solutions and business models will survive, and ultimately, we will see most startups close down.

 

  • The network size and complexity of LEO constellations presents significant new challenges for network traffic engineering. The number of companies offering low-latency satellite communications via LEO satellites has increased dramatically recently, but it’s unlikely that many of these companies will survive in the near or distant future. Companies that can offer their customers the best price, performance and service diversity will continue to serve in the market, while those that fail to offer competitive solutions will vanish. In fact, we may even witness large and small companies joining forces to compete with larger companies, or larger companies acquiring smaller companies.

 

  • Mobile service providers and satellite service providers are establishing and will continue to establish new collaborations and partnerships, particularly to expand their network coverages and improve the quality of service offered to their customers.

 

  • As broadband internet becomes a necessity and the Internet Of Things (IOT) and sensor networks increase rapidly, we can say that there will be a significant increase in the number of devices connected to the internet or sensor networks.

 

Contact: koc@hedefkoc.com

 

 

THE RIGHT OF “RE-ASSESSMENT”

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THE RIGHT OF “RE-ASSESSMENT”

In Turkish tax law, the ordinary and extraordinary remedies provided to taxpayers safeguard the principles of access to justice and justice. When ordinary remedies (such as appeal, cassation, and correction of the decision) are exhausted and the decision becomes final, the opportunity to resort to extraordinary remedies arises. In this context, retrial (Article 53 of the Administrative Procedure Code) is the taxpayer’s right to intervene—within the context of limited grounds—in new and significant facts that emerge after the decision becomes final, enabling the taxpayer to request a “re-assessment.” This article has been prepared to conceptually explain the right to retrial, outline the process and justifications, and illustrate this through a concrete tax law example.

Legal Basis and Types of Remedies

  • Ordinary remedies: These are regulated in Articles 45, 46, and 54 of the Administrative Procedure Code (ACL). (appeal, appeal, and correction of the decision).
  • “Retrial renewal,” one of the extraordinary remedies, is stipulated in Article 53 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP). Furthermore, appeals for the benefit of the law are also among the extraordinary remedies.

 

Grounds for Reconsideration

The conditions listed in Article 53/1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP) are (limitingly):

  1. Discovery of a new document that was not present at the time of the trial but could change the decision process.
  2. Determination that the document on which the decision is based is forged.
  3. Subsequent annulment of the judgment on which the decision is based (e.g., reversal).
  4. Intentional preparation of a false report by an expert.
  5. Decision made as a result of fraud or misleading behavior.
  6. Participation of a non-attorney in the trial.
  7. Decision made by a judge who is incapable of rendering a judgment (a judge who should have participated in the trial but should have resigned from his duties).
  8. Existence of two contradictory—or contradictory—final decisions.
  9. The decision has been found to be contrary to human rights by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and there is a final court decision or ECtHR decision on this matter.

It is not possible to rely on any other justification than these; it cannot be extended comparatively.

The time periods for requesting a new trial are as follows (CPC Art. 53/3):

  • 10 years: For the conflicting decision in subparagraph (h).
  • 1 year: From the date the ECtHR decision becomes final.
  • 60 days: For other reasons (new document, forged document, etc.).

The time period begins the day after the reason arose for the taxpayer.

 

A request for a new trial must be submitted to the court that issued the decision. For example, for tax court decisions, an application is made to that court, and for Council of State appeal decisions, an application is made to the relevant chamber. The concept of “Right of Reassessment” is not directly related to criminal proceedings in tax law and accounting system, but it has indirect effects.

 

As Hedef Koç Consulting, we continue to offer sectoral solutions and consulting services with our 32 years of experience. Our experienced team continues to collaborate with your company on certification, consulting, legal solutions, and many other professional areas. You can access our services on our website, www.hedefkoc.com, and submit your consulting requests.

 

The right of “re-evaluation” granted to taxpayers in Turkish tax law is an extraordinary and limited legal remedy regulated under Article 53 of the Turkish Higher Education Law (YYUK). This remedy allows taxpayers to request a re-evaluation in the face of a final judgment, citing new and significant evidence, fraudulent processes, or conflicting decision examples. If an application is made within the clear grounds and timeframes stipulated in the legislation, the application is deemed justified, and a new trial is possible

Incentive and Grant Support Specialist / Expert.

Mert Özaydın  https://hedefkoc.com/mert-ozaydin/

Digital Transformation – Ahmad Kamal Janjua

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After three decades of working in different industries all over the world, I have seen

firsthand how powerful digital technology can be. It is not just a fancy term—it is the

real deal for growing a business, coming up with new ideas, and staying ahead of the

game. If one is not keeping up, one is going to get left behind.

Consider the following

Technology can be utilized to eliminate boring, repetitive tasks. I have seen this in

manufacturing, where digital twins can be used to ensure everything is running

smoothly. This saves a significant amount of time and ensures the final product is of

high quality.

Secondly, digital tools help us understand our customers better. For example, a store

can send a coupon for something they know a customer will love or a special deal

tailored to that customer. The goal is to make the experience better so customers keep

coming back.

Let us be honest- The world moves fast, and digital technology aids us to move with it.

In finance, for instance, new products and services can be launched quickly due to the

right digital platforms being in place. That way, we can stay ahead of the competition.

When one utilizes cutting-edge technology like artificial intelligence, block chain, or the

Internet of Things, one is not just playing catch-up—one is inventing new ways to do

business and finding new ways to generate revenue.

To make this happen, one needs the right people with the right skills. There are two

main requirements:

  1. Technical skills: One needs individuals who are knowledgeable about data analysis,

cloud computing, and cybersecurity.

  1. People skills: However, it is not all about the code. One also needs individuals who are

creative, can solve problems, and work well with others. The best leaders are those who

can get everyone excited about trying new things.

To get started, consider the following steps:

  1. Develop a plan. One needs a clear vision for what one wants to achieve. Figure out

where one is now and where one wants to go.

  1. Train the team. Provide employees with the tools and training they need to succeed in

a digital world. One cannot expect them to figure it out on their own.

  1. Encourage innovation. Create an environment where people feel comfortable

experimenting and even failing. That is how one learns and innovates.4. Monitor progress. One needs to track progress. Is one actually getting better? If not,

what needs to change?

Looking ahead, things are only going to get more interesting. We are seeing significant

changes with technologies like:

  1. Artificial Intelligence: It is going to automate even more tasks and help predict what

customers want.

  1. Block Chain: This technology is about making things more secure and transparent,

which can open up new doors for business.

  1. The Internet of Things (IoT): Think of all devices talking to each other. This is going

to provide a vast amount of new data to work with and help create even better products

and services.

In conclusion, embracing this digital shift is not just a good idea—it is a requirement for

any business that wants to grow and stay successful for the long run.

 

Ahmad Kamal Janjua Cosmic Space Systems

Contact: koc@hedefkoc.com

 

The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Social Media – Yağmur Alpay

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Social media has become one of the most influential arenas of communication and interaction in today’s world. When combined with artificial intelligence (AI), these platforms transform user experiences in profound ways. From content creation to security, from customer service to data analysis, AI is reshaping the dynamics of social media.

Algorithms analyze user behavior to deliver personalized content. TikTok’s “For You Page” or Instagram’s Explore section are prime examples of such recommendation systems. AI is not only responsible for curating content but also plays a role in producing it. Automated writing tools, image generators, and video editing software enable brands to create content more quickly and at lower cost.

Social media is also a vast data pool. AI processes this data to reveal users’ tendencies, emotions, and interests. Companies use these insights to strengthen marketing strategies, manage crises, and improve customer relations. At the same time, the rise of fake accounts and misinformation highlights AI’s importance in security. Detecting bots, flagging disinformation, and filtering spam content are made possible through advanced algorithms.

AI-powered chatbots are another clear example of its role in social media. These systems allow brands to respond to user inquiries quickly, boosting satisfaction while reducing the need for human labor. Yet, the benefits come with challenges. The collection of user data raises privacy concerns, while algorithmic bias may result in misleading or discriminatory outcomes. Moreover, highly personalized content can increase the risk of social media addiction.

In the near future, the impact of AI on social media will deepen even further. Augmented reality, the metaverse, and AI-powered virtual characters are likely to create entirely new forms of interaction. While these innovations promise exciting opportunities, the development of ethical frameworks and stronger legal regulations will be essential to ensure a fair and safe digital environment.

Yağmur Alpay

Contact: koc@hedefkoc.com

What is Social Media? Marketing Platforms and General Uses – Yağmur Alpay

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Definition of Social Media

Social media refers to digital platforms that allow users to create, share, and engage with content online. Unlike traditional media, which is one-way communication, social media offers two-way or even multi-directional interaction. Users are not just consumers of information but also active producers.

It is a digital ecosystem where individuals, organizations, and brands can increase their visibility, build communities, and spread ideas quickly.

Social Media and Marketing

From a marketing perspective, social media has become one of the most powerful tools for communication and brand promotion today. Businesses use social platforms to reach wider audiences, strengthen customer relationships, and increase sales.

Major Social Media Platforms for Marketing

  1. Facebook – Offers a broad user base and advanced targeting; ideal for ad campaigns and brand awareness.
  2. Instagram – Strongly visual, effective for fashion, cosmetics, food, and lifestyle brands.
  3. Twitter (X) – Suited for real-time communication, trend tracking, customer support, and crisis management.
  4. LinkedIn – Focuses on professional networking; highly effective for B2B marketing, corporate communication, and employer branding.
  5. YouTube – Video content platform suitable for product promotion, tutorials, and storytelling.
  6. TikTok – Popular among younger audiences with short, entertaining videos; ideal for viral marketing and trend-based campaigns.
  7. Pinterest – Inspiration and discovery-driven; effective in design, fashion, gastronomy, and creative industries.

General Uses of Social Media Platforms

Social media is not limited to marketing; it serves many purposes:

  • Communication and Interaction: Connects people with friends, families, and communities.
  • Information Sharing: News, articles, research, and current events are spread rapidly.
  • Education: Online courses, tutorials, and academic resources are easily accessible.
  • Entertainment: Music, videos, memes, and games engage and entertain users.
  • Activism and Social Movements: Campaigns and awareness projects reach global audiences.
  • Career and Job Opportunities: Platforms like LinkedIn offer job postings, networking, and professional growth opportunities.
  • Personal Branding: Individuals can showcase their expertise, talents, and opinions to build their personal image.

Social media has become one of the most effective communication and marketing tools of our time. While platforms like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and LinkedIn stand out for marketing, social media in general serves a broad range of purposes—from communication and education to activism and entertainment.

When used strategically, social media enhances brand value while also strengthening societal connections in the digital age.

 

Yağmur Alpay

Contact: koc@hedefkoc.com

Future of Human Resources: From Intern Programs to AI-Powered Solutions – İlkim İşçi

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Success in the business world is no longer just about having the right product or service; it’s about connecting the right people with the right roles. Key concepts for companies aiming to transform their human resources processes include intern programs, AI-powered learning, and strategic candidate-job matching.

Intern Human Resources Initiatives: Investing in the Future

Interns form the future talent pool of organizations. Unlike traditional intern recruitment, we use:

  • Competency-based assessment methods
  • Corporate culture fit analyses

This approach allows companies to attract candidates who not only contribute immediately to the workforce but also have strong long-term potential.

We help organizations measure intern development, gather feedback, and turn these insights into a strategic data source for future hiring decisions.

AI-Driven Learning Platforms: Personalized Development

AI solutions that analyze employees’ strengths and areas for improvement are redefining traditional training methods. We offer the following advantages to the companies we consult:

  • Personalized training plans for each employee
  • Reports identifying competency gaps
  • Real-time progress tracking

By providing automatically updated learning roadmaps tailored to individual career goals, we elevate the employee development experience.

Matching the Right Candidate with the Right Job: A Strategic Approach

Finding the right candidate is more than reviewing resumes. Through AI-powered methods, we help companies make sustainable hiring decisions by evaluating candidates’ motivation, cultural fit, and long-term potential.

Candidates are assessed not only on their skills but also on how well they align with the organization’s values and business practices, resulting in more accurate recruitment outcomes.

Conclusion: A New Era in Human Resources

Through intern programs, AI-driven learning platforms, and strategic candidate-job matching, we empower companies to build not just today’s workforce but also the talent of the future.

 

İlkim İşçi

Contact: koc@hedefkoc.com

New Horizons in Turkey–Syria Trade – Opening the Doors to a New Era – Aysel Ölçen Aydıner

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In recent years, the field of trade with Syria was largely dominated by a few countries. Despite its geographical advantage as a neighbor, Turkey had been excluded from these opportunities due to political conditions and imposed restrictions.
However, as of 2025, the picture has begun to change rapidly. With the publication of Circular No. 2025/4, Turkey lifted export, import, and transit restrictions on Syria. At the same time, the Syrian government took significant steps to accelerate trade by removing import bans on approximately 2,000 items and introducing a unified customs regime.
These developments represent not only the normalization of trade relations between the two countries but also the reopening of a market long steered by other nations, making it accessible again for Turkey.

Political Groundwork and Economic Opportunities
The revival of diplomatic dialogue between Turkey and Syria enables the restoration of trust in trade relations. For many years, political tensions and various restrictions blocked trade between the two nations. Today, however, mutual steps have revived hope in the business world. This environment is not limited to state-to-state relations but also encourages private sector representatives to pursue new projects with greater confidence and entrepreneurial spirit.
Turkey’s geopolitical position is one of the key elements supporting this process. Serving as a natural bridge between Europe and Asia, Turkey offers the shortest and safest route to the Middle East through Syria. This advantage provides Turkish entrepreneurs with a strong competitive edge not only in the Syrian market but also in accessing Gulf countries and North Africa. At a time when regional supply chains are being reshaped, Turkey has the potential to become a powerful hub in terms of both cost and logistical efficiency.
Furthermore, the lifting of import bans and the reduction of customs duties reduce practical barriers to trade, creating business opportunities across a wider range of products. Negotiations to revive the previously suspended Free Trade Agreement could, in the medium term, further reduce costs and rapidly expand trade volume.

Signing of the JETCO Agreement – August 5, 2025
One of the most significant milestones in this process took place in Ankara on August 5, 2025. Turkish Minister of Trade Ömer Bolat and Syrian Minister of Economy and Industry Nidal Eş-Şa’ar announced the signing of the Joint Economic and Trade Committee (JETCO) agreement between the two countries.
This agreement not only paves the way for current trade but also lays the foundation for long-term institutional cooperation. Through JETCO, regular meetings will be held, trade-related issues will be jointly resolved, and intersectoral cooperation projects will be developed. This will move bilateral economic relations away from ad hoc arrangements toward a sustainable and predictable framework.
For Turkey, this agreement represents the opportunity to reclaim economic prospects long dominated by other countries. Combined with geopolitical and cultural proximity, this new institutional framework carries the potential to position Turkey as one of the strongest actors in the region.

Financial Transformation and Confidence
A strong financial infrastructure is crucial for the revival of trade. In this respect, recent developments in Syria’s banking system are promising:

  • International Integration: As of June 2025, Syrian financial institutions were removed from international sanctions lists, and the first money transfers through SWIFT took place, paving the way for renewed relations with foreign banks.
  • Turkish Banks’ Preparations: Turkish banks’ efforts to establish representative offices and correspondent relationships in Syria will provide a more secure and transparent foundation for commercial flows.
    These developments reduce risks related to receivable collections, creating a more stable financial environment for businesspeople.

Legal Perspective
The new process brings both opportunities and risks. Trade between the two countries will now be governed by the principle of equal treatment, subject to the general rules applied to other nations. While transit transportation has been liberalized for all goods except metal scrap, it should not be overlooked that permits can be revoked at any time for security reasons.
Therefore, commercial agreements should include detailed provisions covering force majeure, sanctions, and permit cancellations. While the JETCO agreement introduces an institutional mechanism at the intergovernmental level to enhance predictability in trade disputes, it remains essential for the private sector to secure itself legally.

Conclusion and Evaluation
The new era in Turkey–Syria trade presents a historic opportunity for the business community. The removal of barriers, simplification of customs, establishment of an institutional cooperation framework through JETCO, and steps toward banking integration offer Turkish companies a competitive advantage not only in the Syrian market but across the entire Middle East.
In the coming period, new investment and partnership opportunities are expected to arise in many sectors, from logistics to energy, telecommunications to financial services. Properly managed, these opportunities can provide long-term strategic value beyond short-term gains.
At the same time, it must be remembered that, like every major opportunity, this process comes with uncertainties and risks. Security-related regulations, vulnerabilities in the banking system, and the volatility of trade permits are critical issues that businesspeople must carefully consider in their roadmaps.
At this point, a strong legal framework to support commercial vision is of vital importance. Sound legal planning not only mitigates risks but also ensures that opportunities are transformed into lasting, safe, and sustainable gains.

Aysel Ölçen Aydıner
Lawyer–Mediator

Contact: koc@hedefkoc.com

 

VSAT EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS – Orhan Ener

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People who know my knowledge and experience on VSAT usually ask me this question: “When there are easy and cheap solutions like fiber and DSL, why should I use Satellite Internet (VSAT)?”
My answer to this is: “There is no better solution when it comes to information security, and it is the ideal backup solution in emergencies.”
I usually continue with: “Give me electricity, and I can bring you the Internet anywhere you want — whether on top of a mountain, or nowadays on land, in the air, or at sea.” That is how I describe the essence of this business.

When you are traveling with a caravan and GSM networks do not work, when you need live broadcast communication, when you are obliged to switch off your own phone on an airplane but use the airplane’s onboard phone system, when a moving ship in the middle of the ocean requires Internet access, when a remote mining site in a place without GSM coverage, when a fish farm in the middle of the sea needs communication, or in the event of a disaster or when terrestrial communication may be damaged — in all these cases you are compelled to use satellite Internet/communication.

Two important issues were mentioned above: first, the electricity needed for electronic units to operate, and second, Internet access, which has become indispensable in today’s world. Wired, microwave, and 4G/5G modems are easier and comparatively cheaper ways to connect to the Internet. Satellite Internet (also known as VSAT), however, was a more expensive method, with more challenging access and installation conditions. Initially used only in compulsory situations and where other methods could not reach, this type of communication is now becoming more widespread due to its other advantages.

One of the most important advantages is information security. In other methods, intermediate connection (hub) points accessible to everyone pose a security risk. Simply put: in cable-based communication there are limits, and intermediate connection points are unavoidable. Data leaving Ankara must pass through Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya, and İzmit before reaching Istanbul. This makes information much more accessible due to open-source vulnerabilities. For instance, you pass through only one region, and suddenly your phone starts receiving dozens of spam messages. This is the result of an insufficiently protected (or deliberately unprotected) GSM network. Because you are constantly traveling, it is almost impossible to prove where this happened. Your number has fallen into the hands of someone unwanted, who can use it as they please. They may continuously send you messages or call you from ever-changing numbers. You can only try to control this by blocking each new number.

But when a branch communicates solely via satellite, connecting through the same satellite to the central system (Intranet), the system becomes far more secure. In this case, to access the information you either need to be inside the system, or have access to the satellite. Accessing the satellite requires certain device-specific information (such as MAC address — every device that accesses the Internet has its own unique, unchangeable MAC address, and access can be restricted to only those devices you allow). When data is encrypted and controlled in this way, no one else can access or use it. This creates an invaluable security network.

Today’s VSAT applications, like Starlink satellites (and others that followed), have become faster and as commonplace as “bread and butter.” Lighter, cheaper equipment and easier installation are among the reasons. The industry still has many shortcomings. Previously, companies were more competent in providing service and support. Starlink could have internet coverage but lacks sufficient installation service coverage all over the world. Another important point is that the company recently experienced a long service outage, and the reasons for it are still unexplained. Many users are cancelling their contracts for this reason. This reminded us once again of the importance of backup applications.

Now I would like to give a few examples.
You’ve been in the desert for two days, extremely thirsty. You reach a shop to buy water, but bottle is locked and only can opened when you pay for the purchase. Then you realize you don’t have your wallet — so you cannot buy it. Compare this to a wired system being down. You have your backup satellite system but no one to install or operate it.

You are in a vehicle meant to save the world. You have one hour left to reach your destination, but you run out of fuel. You find a backup tank, but it’s empty. Compare this to an earthquake where infrastructure has collapsed. You have a satellite system and a generator ready to provide power — but no fuel.

Recently I read (a true story): hackers accessed the network of a large shipping company. They changed passwords and demanded a large ransom for access to be restored. The company hesitated, wasted time, and things got out of control. Eventually, no solution was found, and the company had to file for bankruptcy. This clearly shows that without preventive measures against cyberattacks, you may destroy not only valuable data but an entire company.

Imagine you see a forest fire and want to call it in, but your phone battery is dead. You have no charger and no power source nearby. Similarly, if you are a live broadcast vehicle on the road and run out of fuel just before reaching the news scene, your generator fails, and you miss the most important story of the year.

Another case: you return home and urgently need to order products for a critical project. But there is no electricity, no modem working, and thus no Internet, including your necessary purchase software installed desktop. Later, you learn that a construction digger accidentally cut underground cables, leaving the whole neighborhood without electricity. Fortunately, you had foreseen this and had your computer connected to a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply). You used your phone’s hotspot to share Internet with your computer and placed the order on time.

These examples can be multiplied endlessly. During a natural disaster, all these scenarios may occur simultaneously. We must anticipate and prepare for them. Both in natural disasters and operational disruptions, to ensure uninterrupted communication in workplaces, an action plan using Satellite Internet can be applied. Below is a list of actions to be taken.

EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN

  • Training programs / Seminars / Courses must be prepared.
    Our sector is still in its early stages, and there is a significant shortage of trained personnel. This is not just a problem for the companies purchasing the systems, but also a major risk when unqualified individuals attempt the work. I once saw a sign at a stationery shop saying “SATELLITES INSTALLED.” This work must be done by certified, competent professionals. Satellite Internet requires combined knowledge of satellites, networking, computers, and cabling — a rare combination. Therefore, training programs covering all aspects would be of great benefit.
  • Safety is critical.
    This job is classified as “High Risk.” For example, the cable between the modem and the satellite carries 48V DC voltage, which can be more dangerous than 220V AC depending on conditions. Work often requires climbing ladders. Without knowledge of safe ladder use, one could injure themselves, even fatally, or cause material damage to installation site. Training is therefore essential.
  • Business continuity through backup communication.
    Companies need uninterrupted communication and operational continuity. In cases of landline cable cuts, floods, earthquakes, fires, or sabotage, an independent satellite Internet system ensures uninterrupted continuation of central and field operations. In business continuity plans, under the title “Backup Communication Line,” satellite systems provide secure redundancy.
  • Emergency coordination.
    During disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, power plant failures, mining accidents, or uncontrolled forest fires, local infrastructure may collapse. Even if GSM and cable networks fail, high-bandwidth data, voice, and video can still be transmitted via satellite. Sharing real-time information between the crisis center and field teams helps make faster and better decisions.
  • Centralized management of multiple operations.
    Companies often have multiple branches in different cities or countries. Local services are not always reliable. By connecting all remote sites via a single satellite, homogeneous communication quality is achieved. This also ensures centralized management, data integrity, and simultaneous uninterrupted communication with all branches during emergencies. With no third-party hubs in between, security is also guaranteed. This method is already used widely by franchise businesses abroad, especially in the U.S.
  • Backup and disaster recovery.
    This is critical for data security. If a data center’s Internet connection fails, VSAT satellite links can automatically take over. Work can continue through a backup site in a safer location. Critical applications such as ERP (finance, HR, sales, production, supply chain), customer service management, and SCADA systems can run uninterrupted, preventing data loss or production downtime.
  • Rapid deployment in temporary operations.
    When temporary Internet or communication service is needed — for a new project site, a disaster area, or a remote rural location — portable (fly-away) or vehicle-mounted VSAT systems can establish communication infrastructure within hours, even where no other infrastructure exists.
  • Cybersecurity and encrypted communication.
    When terrestrial lines are compromised or data traffic is at risk of surveillance, encrypted satellite links ensure secure, independent communication. During crises, this prevents data leaks and allows decisions to be made in a safe environment.
  • Sectors where communication cannot fail.
    In industries such as banking, energy, and healthcare, regulations require legally “Backup Communication.” Satellite links meet these legal requirements, prevent penalties, and avoid operational losses. Regular drills should be carried out to test the readiness of satellite infrastructure.
  • Power redundancy.
    As I mentioned earlier, “Give me electricity and I’ll give you Internet anywhere.” In emergencies like natural disasters, electricity infrastructure itself may fail too. Having a satellite system alone is useless without power. Therefore, backup power plans must also include UPS systems, generators, and sufficient fuel.
  • Customized company checklists.
    Just as in other areas, a company-specific VSAT-supported emergency solution plan should include a checklist tailored to the organization. This ensures smooth operation and a clear step-by-step procedure for crisis moments.

 

Conclusion

When implemented correctly, VSAT satellite solutions guarantee the “communication and data continuity” aspect of emergency action plans.
The greatest communication advantage for companies is that it provides an independent solution that can be activated quickly, requiring no infrastructure other than power.

In the face of natural disasters, infrastructure failures, cyberattacks, or operational crises, a VSAT-based emergency communication plan enables companies to:

  • Continue operations without interruption,
  • Minimize losses and damages,
  • Accelerate decision-making processes.

 

ORHAN ENER

25/08/2025

 

Contact: koc@hedefkoc.com

Shaping the Future: From Global Economies to Dubai Real Estate: The Investment Journey – Fulya Albayrak

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The world’s economies are evolving at an unprecedented pace, driven by global trade
flows, technological advances and changes in the population. This dynamic landscape
presents opportunities and risks for investors alike. Success in the international
investment arena requires more than just an understanding of current data; it demands the
ability to anticipate future trends, develop creative solutions and build strategic business
plans.

Among the most critical factors shaping investment portfolios today are geopolitical
balances, interest rate policies, fluctuations in energy markets, and the rise of the digital
economy. While developed markets attract investors with stability and robust legal
frameworks, emerging markets offer high-return potential.

Strategic Business Planning: The Roadmap to Investment Success
Successful investments depend on making the right move at the right time, in the right
location and with the right asset. Creating a strategic plan involves many aspects, from
market analysis and financial modelling to risk management and value growth strategies.
Investors are increasingly looking beyond purchasing property alone, investing instead in
expanding, sustainable ecosystems.

Dubai: The New Capital for Global Investors
In recent years, Dubai has emerged as one of the brightest stars on the global investment
map. Its rise is fuelled by:
• Tax advantages: – no income tax and investor-friendly regulations
• A robust economy and infrastructure; – world-class logistics, transport and
technology systems
• High return potential: Average annual rental yields of 6–8%, with steady value
appreciation.
• Safe and transparent market: A regulated, secure environment that welcomes
international investors.
• Strategic location: At the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa, and at the heart
of global trade.

Dubai’s real estate market is defined not only by luxury developments, but also by
sustainable architecture, smart city applications and environmentally conscious
investments, making it a model for cities of the future.

Guidance for informed decisions
Whether you are entering a mature market for stability or an emerging market for growth,
access to reliable market insights and strategic consultancy is essential. From identifying
the right opportunities to navigating regulations and maximising returns, a professional
and well-informed approach ensures that investments are both secure and future-proof.
In a rapidly changing global landscape, it is those who move forward with accurate
information, robust analysis and strategic vision who will shape tomorrow’s success
stories.

Fulya Albayrak
Dubai Licensed Real Estate & Investment Consultant

Contact : koc@hedefkoc.com